Understanding young adults’ socioeconomic circumstances and their contribution to social inequalities in smoking during the transition towards adulthood
Authors: Thierry Gagné
Overview
Abstract (English)
Social epidemiology has demonstrated the importance of early life periods such as childhood and adolescence for understanding the development of health inequalities over the life course. New issues, however, challenge us to question the role of young adulthood (i.e., ages 18-25) as a new, sensitive period during this time. Smoking clearly illustrates this issue. Today, approximately 30% of Canadians who smoke their first cigarette, and 40% of Canadians who become daily smokers, do so after the end of adolescence. Despite the successes of tobacco control with other age groups, it has not seen any decrease in initiation and cessation rates in young adult Canadians since the beginning of the 21st century. Smoking behaviour during young adulthood occurs in rapid transitions in and out of education, employment, family, and housing circumstances, which are unequally experienced across social groups. The interplay of these experiences, therefore, requires the development of theoretical and analytic frameworks to better understand the unequal progression of smoking during the transition to adulthood. This thesis presents four articles that provide theoretical insight into, and robust evidence of, the socio-economic circumstances through which young adults progress and the mechanisms through which these circumstances influence smoking. Article 1 starts with a methodological systematic review of social inequalities in smoking among young adults, focusing on the indicators used to operationalize socio-economic circumstances. Based on 89 articles, the review demonstrates that tobacco research has relied disproportionately on a few traditional indicators to understand social inequalities in smoking during this period, leaving us with inconsistent findings and a significant knowledge gap. In response, I develop a theoretical proposal based on an integration of Bourdieu’s practice theory with life-course studies to guide the study of young adults’ socio-economic circumstances. This is accomplished by disentangling the interplay of economic, social, and cultural resources to which young adults have access from the transition stages and the different ages through which they progress during this period. The heart of the thesis tests this proposal based on three empirical studies using two data sets: (1) the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking (ISIS), which recruited 2,093 young adults aged 18 to 25 in Montreal, Canada, in 2011-2012; and (2) the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), which followed 1,243 young adult Canadians between the ages of 18 and 25 every two years from 1994 to 1995 and 2010 to 2011. Using ISIS data, Article 2 demonstrates the diversity of resources and transition stages that contribute to the unequal distribution of smoking. This article also illustrates how the associations between resources, transition stages, and smoking may be exacerbated across social groups defined by educational attainment. Article 3 complements these findings by demonstrating that many of these same resources and transition stages also have a different association with smoking depending on the exact age at which they are experienced. Using NPHS data, Article 4 further supports these findings by demonstrating how the associations between resources, transition stages, and smoking unequally develop across education groups during the transition to adulthood, rapidly changing between the ages of 18 and 25. This thesis makes a unique contribution to public health by helping us better understand the configuration of young adults’ socio-economic circumstances and its contribution to social inequalities in smoking during the transition to adulthood. It offers strong tools to support researchers’ capacity to integrate the dynamic context of young adulthood into the study of health inequalities. Finally, this thesis demonstrates that efforts to combat health inequalities must be led by intersectoral approaches, which support individuals across education, employment, family, and housing circumstances so that each person may equitably develop their health over the course of their lives.
Abstract (French)
L’e-pide-miologie sociale a de-montre- l’importance des pe-riodes de la natalite-, l’enfance, et l’adolescence afin de comprendre le de-veloppement des ine-galite-s sociales de sante- tout au long de la vie. De nouvelles proble-matiques nous interpellent cependant a- re-fle-chir la transition vers l’a-ge adulte (18-25 ans) comme une nouvelle pe-riode sensible. Le tabagisme illustre clairement cette proble-matique. Aujourd’hui, pre-s de 30% des Canadiens qui s’initient a- une premie-re cigarette et 40% des Canadiens qui deviennent fumeurs quotidiens le font entre 18 et 25 ans. En de-pit des succe-s escompte-s dans les autres groupes d’a-ge, aucun changement au niveau des taux d’initiation et de cessation tabagique n’a e-te- note- au cours de cette pe-riode depuis le de-but du XXIe sie-cle. Contrairement aux pe-riodes de vie ante-ce-dentes, les comportements de sante- comme le tabagisme se de-veloppent au travers de transitions hautement dynamiques entre les sphe-res de l’e-ducation, l’emploi, la famille et le logement. L’entrejeu de ces expe-riences ne-cessite donc le de-veloppement d’approches adapte-es pour mieux comprendre la progression des ine-galite-s sociales de sante- au cours de la transition vers l’a-ge adulte. En re-ponse, cette the-se pre-sente quatre articles qui permettent ensemble de mieux comprendre les circonstances socioe-conomiques des jeunes adultes et les me-canismes par lesquels celles-ci contribuent aux ine-galite-s sociales lie-es au tabagisme au cours de cette pe-riode. La the-se pre-sente d’abord une revue syste-matique des e-tudes sur les ine-galite-s sociales lie-es au tabagisme chez les jeunes adultes qui se focalise sur les indicateurs utilise-s afin de circonscrire leurs circonstances socioe-conomiques. Retenant 89 articles, le 1er article de-montre que cette litte-rature s’est appuye-e sur un groupe restreint d’indicateurs traditionnels qui sont inadapte-s au contexte dynamique des jeunes adultes, laissant derrie-re un important de-ficit de connaissance. En re-ponse, la the-se introduit un nouveau cadre conceptuel qui re-fle-chit les circonstances des jeunes adultes au croisement de (1) la sociologie bourdieusienne, c.-a–d., au travers de l’entrejeu des ressources e-conomiques, sociales et culturelles auxquels les jeunes adultes ont ine-galement acce-s, et (2) des the-ories du parcours de vie, c.-a–d., au travers des diffe-rentes e-tapes de transition et des diffe-rents a-ges ou- les jeunes adultes progressent au cours de cette pe-riode. Le coeur de la the-se illustre cette proposition the-orique avec trois articles utilisant deux bases de donne-es : (1) l’Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking (ISIS), avec 2 083 jeunes adultes de 18 a- 25 ans a- Montre-al en 2011-2012 et (2) l’Enque-te Nationale sur la Sante- des Populations (ENSP), avec 1 243 Canadiens suivis quatre fois a- chaque deux ans entre 18 et 25 ans entre les anne-es 1994-1995 et 2010-2011. Le 2eme article appuie la diversite- des circonstances, c.-a–d. ressources et e-tapes de transitions, qui sont associe-es au tabagisme. Il illustre aussi la fac-on dont l’e-tude des recoupements entre circonstances peut davantage nuancer notre compre-hension de la distribution sociale du tabagisme. Le 3eme article comple-mente ces re-sultats en de-montrant qu’une partie significative de ces associations diffe-re aussi selon l’a-ge pre-cis auquel ces circonstances sont ve-cues. Finalement, avec les donne-es de l’ENSP, le 4eme article reproduit les re-sultats dans les articles pre-ce-dents et teste davantage le cadre conceptual propose- en de-montrant comment les diffe-rentes associations entre circonstances socioe-conomiques et tabagisme a- diffe-rents niveaux d’e-ducation e-voluent au cours de cette pe-riode, changeant rapidement entre les a-ges de 18 et 25 ans. Cette the-se pre-sente une contribution unique afin de mieux comprendre la configuration des circonstances socioe-conomiques et leur rôle dans les ine-galite-s sociales lie-es au tabagisme au cours de la transition vers l’a-ge adulte. Elle apporte plusieurs contributions qui ensemble justifient l’inte-gration du contexte dynamique des jeunes adultes dans l’e-tude des ine-galite-s sociales de sante- au cours de cette pe-riode. Elle de-montre finalement que nos efforts de lutte contre les ine-galite-s sociales de sante- doivent s’inscrire dans une approche intersectorielle qui valorise les jeunes adultes dans toutes les sphe-res de l’e-ducation, l’emploi, la famille et l’habitation afin qu’ils puissent e-quitablement se de-velopper tout au long du parcours de vie.
Details
Type | PhD dissertation |
---|---|
Author | Thierry Gagné |
Publication Year | 2019 |
Title | Understanding young adults’ socioeconomic circumstances and their contribution to social inequalities in smoking during the transition towards adulthood |
City | Montréal, QC |
Department | École de santé publique |
University | Université de Montréal |
Publication Language | English |
- Thierry Gagné
- Understanding young adults’ socioeconomic circumstances and their contribution to social inequalities in smoking during the transition towards adulthood
- Thierry Gagné
- Université de Montréal
- 2019