Nonbinary Gender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census
Authors: Christopher S. Carpenter, Donn L. Feir, Krishna Pendakur, and Casey Warman
Overview
Abstract (English)
The social and legal recognition of nonbinary people—those who do not exclusively identify with traditionally male or female genders—is growing. Yet, we know little about their economic realities. We offer the first nationally representative evidence on the earnings of nonbinary people using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records. We find that, although nonbinary individuals tend to be more educated than their peers, they have significantly lower earnings, especially at the bottom of the income distribution, even after adjusting for various demographic and socioeconomic factors.
Abstract (French)
Please note that abstracts only appear in the language of the publication and might not have a translation.
Details
| Type | Working paper (online) |
|---|---|
| Author | Christopher S. Carpenter, Donn L. Feir, Krishna Pendakur, and Casey Warman |
| Publication Year | 2024 |
| Title | Nonbinary Gender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census |
| Series | National Bureau of Economic Research |
| Number | 33075 |
| Publication Language | English |
- Christopher S. Carpenter
- Working paper (online)
- Nonbinary Gender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census
- Christopher S. Carpenter, Donn L. Feir, Krishna Pendakur, and Casey Warman
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- 2024
- 33075